Church - Christopher E. Brennen

TALES
© Christopher Earls Brennen

ROBERT EARLS - CHRONOLGY & TRANSCRIPT

Chronology and Transcription of the records of Robert Earls received from the Kenmore Mental Hospital, Goulburn, NSW, Australia:
(Many thanks to John Earls for obtaining the Kenmore file and to Alison Earls for copying it onto a CD. Thanks also to the Kenmore Hospital staff for the extra effort in unearthing the file.)

Sep., 1910. Robert Earls said he arrived in Australia aboard the vessel Norfolk. [According to shipping records, the only arrival of the Norfolk that I can find is arriving in Hobart from London on Mar.28, 1911. On the other hand, the Suffolk arrived in Queensland on Sep.16, 1910.]
Feb.5, 1912, Monday. Late in the evening Robert Earls behaves crazily at his room in Lea's Coffee Palace in Gurwood Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW. He is subdued by a farmer Orville Spink and his father who were staying in the room next to Robert's and by butcher Sidney Pritchard.
Feb.6, 1912, Tuesday. About 11pm Robert again goes crazy. Spink and Pritchard again witness his behavior. Constable Michael Field is called and transports him to the Wagga Wagga lockup.
Feb.15, 1912. Robert is examined by a doctor, Dr. William Leahy, who reports: He is the subject of delusions and states that the Executive Council is sitting to decide whether they would give him life sentence or hang him. He sees people running around his cell at night trying to get him out to destroy him. Constable Bell, the gaoler, says he refuses his food occasionally and says people outside told him not to take it because he would die if he took it.
Feb.19, 1912. The gaoler, Constable Robert Bell, takes a personal history from Robert. It states that he is 24 years old (incorrect), single, a labourer born in Sydney, NSW. His latest residence is in Wagga Wagga and he is Church of England. His craziness has lasted about two months. He gives his nearest relative as William Charles Earle of Ashford, Inverell, and says he believes his parents are still alive in Sydney but their address is not known (they were last seen during the visit of the American Fleet). Robert is examined by a second doctor, Dr. Thomas W.W. Burgess, who reports: He is suffering from delusions, says the Executive Council is sitting to decide whether he is to be hanged or sent up for life. He sees people with lanterns at night and hears them speaking to him. He is addicted to masturbation. Constable Bell informs me that he is suffering from delusions and says he is to be hanged. He has peculiar motions and bows to imaginery people. Says not to let the Junee Police know where he is. People come at night with lanterns and try to get him. The two doctors complete an order certifying that Robert is insane and "wandering at large" and ordering him to be transported to Kenmore Mental Hospital for the Insane.
Feb.21, 1912. Robert is admitted to Kenmore Mental Hospital. Detailed examination of mental condition where a detailed history and examination is completed. He still claims to be only 24 years old, single and a native of NSW. He fabricates the following family history: Father over 70 ??? Mother over 70 alive. Brothers 5 and healthy, Sisters 5 and healthy, Father used to drink heavily. Went to school. Age of going to school & leaving unknown. Was in 2nd class on leaving. Was sent to the (?)(looks like Varnon) for two years for not going to school. Can't say how old he was when he left. Then went up on farm for 3 1/2 years. Then on station two months (sacked for not ordering meal). Then went to Sydney for some time worked at Coopery for some time. Left there because he was full of it. Then got job at Young as farm labourer for 6 months. Left there because he had to get up too early in the morning. Then did cleaning for 12 months. Left there to go to Inverell to his brother. Stayed there less than one month. Left there because they did not suit each other. Then droving for 8 weeks. Then to Quirinidi(?). 12 months at flour mill. Left because it did not agree with his health. Then Liverpool. Harris(?). Then at Forbes on station for 2 months. Then at Grenfell doing nothing. Then Maringo(?) working 12 months. Then came to Wagga where he was 3 years working about. Does not know that he has been ill and does not know how it came on. Despite the obvious fabrication, this account suggests that perhaps Robert had briefly visited many of these places during his 17 months in Australia. Most (Wagga Wagga, Junee, Cootamunda, Young, Murringo, Grenfell and Forbes) lie along or near a 100 mile stretch of highway and railroad in south central NSW, west of Sydney and northwest of Canberra. Inverell, on the other hand, is much farther north, not far from the Queensland border (and Quiinidi is in between). The story of visiting his brother is particularly interesting and may well contain a grain of truth for the personal history taken in Wagga Wagga quotes William Charles Earle of Ashford, Inverell, as his nearest relative.
Feb.21, 1912. The report on his physical state upon admission to Kenmore contains the following comments: This is a fairly unwashed(?) young man with blue eyes, light brown hair. Height 5ft 10 1/2 in. Weight 156lbs. Left arm(?) 1/8 inch longer than right. Palate highly arched. Testicles atrophied. Comments on his mental state: Does not know the day, month. Knows the year. States he has been here 3 days (5). Knows the nature of his surroundings. Does not know why he was sent here but says he must have been insane - states he was arrested for being a spy. When he was in the jail he heard them all talking about it in the ward and saying he was innocent and ought to be let out. Denies refusing his food. The Executive Council will say if he was guilty or innocent of being an anarchist or spy. Imagines he heard two people outside the jail talking to him ..... they could let ... there at the same time. He could not distinguish clearly what they were saying. Sleeps and eats well. Is willing to stay here for a while - and has no .... for the future. He is slow and dull in his mental processes and sometimes requires to have questions repeated. Would not be too sure if he abuses himself or not. The diagnosis is Dementia Praecox (Paranoia).
Feb.22, 1912. The list of Robert's valuables retained by the clerk upon admission to Kenmore is as follows: 1 watch chain (silver), metal medal, silver coin, cash - two shillings, finger sp...., pencil, hankerchief. The list of private property is "clothes in wear", 1 Billy can, 1 Jam tin, 1 knife in sheath, 1 canvas bag containing repairing material, portion of a rug, 1 pocket knife, 1 pair scissors, cash 1/2.
Feb. 1912 to Sep.1913. During this first stay in Kenmore, Robert's weight increases from 136lbs at admission, to 137lbs in May, 146lbs in June, 142lbs in December, 142lbs in March 1913, 148lbs in June 1913, and 160lbs in September 1913.
His record of progress at Kenmore indicates a checkered history:

Mar.6, 1912: This boy is very ..... He seems cheerful and inclined to laugh without sufficient cause. Untidy in dress but clean in habits.
Mar.20, 1912: He is now working in the Women's Ward (in the Garden) and does fairly well. He is very thin but is well behaved and cheerful.
Apr.3, 1912: He now works with the flower gardener as he seems reliable and fairly trustworthy.
Apr.17, 1912: He is not so well behaved as he was and uses very bad language. He had to be removed from where he had been working near the Womens Wards in consequence. Kept in the ward. He played cricket twice in patients matches and seemed much improved up to then. He is rather weak and feeble on his legs.
Apr.30, 1912: Was using filthy language near the Womens Wards and had to be transferred to another gang. He visited(?) fairly well but was getting thin. He is now in bed in the Reception Ward under.....
May 7, 1912: Is now in the Mental Ward doing 3 weeks rest in bed. He is very restless and ..... and abusive to the attendents. He has no idea of discipline and is familiar with the Medical Staff. Seems to be inclined to "play with them" if they give him any encouragement. He is very childish and laughs without apparent cause.
May 23, 1912: Has been out of bed four days and is not changed. He is childish and ..... laughs without reason.
May 31, 1912: Is still childish and laughs foolishly. But is certainly under better control in this respect.
Jun.5, 1912: Has improved in bodily health but not mentally. He went out to work pick shovel .... Was transferred to Ward ??.
Aug.31, 1912: Constantly laughs without apparent cause. Kneels down and prays in the Airing Court. Working in the grounds.
Nov.30, 1912: Was getting very thin. Was sent to the Reception Ward to be fattened up. He improved but got influenza and was very pulled down. He is now improving.
Feb.13, 1913. He made his escape this day while working out with attendant Ottaway. Recaptured on Feb.17.
Feb.21, 1913. Knows how long he has been here. States he was sent here by a magistrate at Wagga but he did not tell him why. They did not accuse him of anything or make any charge against him. States he can see in the day time the Sacred Star of Heaven which is a star I cant see. States that he is Jesus Christ and came from Heaven and that he has spirits inside him which speak. States that all the people in Kenmore can hear these spirits.
May 31, 1913. Inocculated 3 times against Enteric Fever in April.
Aug.31, 1913. Was found to be drinking vinegar, some of which happened to be kept in the pantry of the ward he is in. He is very pale still. He works well.
Nov.30, 1913. Had a quarrel. Struck an old man in 3M. He was kept in for 2 to 3 days but is working again on the Cricket Ground.
Feb.28, 1914. No change.
May 19, 1914. Works outside. No mental change.
Aug.31, 1914. Getting a little out of hand. Picks flowers in the garden and refuses to stop doing so when requested to do so by the gatekeeper. Works well at the cricket pavilion.
Nov.30, 1914. Sent to ward 3M to work.
Feb.28, 1915. Unchanged. Delusions of a semi-religious character.
May 31, 1915. Working in the flower garden. Not trustworthy.
Nov.30, 1915. Getting troublesome. Sent to 4M.
Feb.29, 1916. Better behaved and working 4M.
May 31, 1916. Brought a charge against an attendant that the latter struck him. While being examined he made a great show of pain on the part supposed to have been struck but forgot about it .... and did not move when the part was pressed fairly hard. Hence obviously a put up charge.
Aug.31 and Nov.30, 1916. Unchanged.
Feb.28, 1917. Iresponsible. Inclined to be aggressive. Weak minded.
May 31, Aug.31 and Nov.30, 1917. No change.
Feb.28, 1918. Weak minded. Boisterous. 4M works well.
Nov.30, 1918. Working in the kitchen. Still boisterous.
Feb.28, 1919. Working in the kitchen. Contented and quiet.
Nov.30, 1919. Rather inclined to presume on his liberty whilst working at the kitchen. Now back in Ward 4. Refuses work. Irresponsible and mischevious.
Feb.20, 1920. Working in kitchen (ward house). Is silly and childish and boisterous in manner and talk.
Mar.26, 1920. Escaped today from the kitchen. 5.30pm.
Apr.24, 1920. Declared discharged since he has not been recaptured.

Sep., 1920. At the Liverpool P.C., Robert received a sentence of 3 months under the Vagrancy Act and was sent to the Penitentiary.
Nov.19, 1920. Admitted to Reception House, Darlinghurst, Newcastle.
Nov.22, 1920. Transported to and admitted to Mental Hospital, Gladesville. There he gave his age as 45, single, no children, a navvy born in Ireland. The examining doctor says of his history: History difficult to obtain. Mother died - surgical case. He came to Australia 10 years ago and been laborer the whole time. Non smoker and non ? for many years. Was sentenced to 3/12 under Vagrancy Act, to Long Bay. Prior to admission served full sentence and discharged Nov.19, 1920. While at Long Bay threatened a fellow prisoner with an axe. Of his examination the doctor comments: On being questioned is aggressive and says he does not require medical attention. He says he only seeks and obtains medical advice to satisfy people who accuse him of having acute infectious disease. Is morbidly suspicious and has delusions of persecution markedly pronounced. His progress report:

Nov.29, 1920. Quiet. Eats and sleeps well. Not aggressive. Somewhat suspicious.
Dec.6, 1920. Condition improves. No violence shown now. No aversion to Med. officers as on admission.
Dec.13, 1920. Quiet clean and no trouble. Takes food well. Sleeps well at night. Not aggressive.
Dec.20, 1920. Quiet. Eats and sleeps well. Speaks quite rationally. No delusions evident. Clean and tidy.
Jan.20 and Feb.20, 1921. No change
Mar.20, 1921. Has been somewhat restless. Walks round the ward in a restless fashion and appears sullen. Asks to be allowed to go out of the Institution. Eats and sleeps well.
Apr.30, 1921. Patient remained quiet. Sleeping and eating well. Was discharged today.

Feb. 1922: He appeared before the Singleton Court and was "Deemed to be insane". He was remanded to the Reception House, Newcastle.
Mar. 1922: Discharged from Reception House, Newcastle.
May 5, 1922, 9pm. Sergeant George Jeffrey of the Cootamundra police was called to Frampton, about 5.5 miles from Cootamundra where he located Robert Earls at a campfire beside the road. He accused Robert of jumping and dancing about on the road, frightening people. Robert replied that he had done no harm to anyone. Sergeant Jeffrey then took him to a house a short distance away where Mr. O'Connor confirmed that Robert had been dancing and jumping on the road and behaving like a lunatic for some time. The Sergeant took him to the Cootamundra jail.
May 5, 1922. The report of the Cootamundra police, describes Robert as single, 46 (born Dec.20, 1876), a Roman Catholic labourer from Antrim, Ireland. Robert says he was confined in Gladesville Asylum and Reception House since 1920. The report also comments that it is "not advisable to cross him when he is in a bad turn". His belongings are listed as one halfpenny, clothes in wear and a swag bag composed of portion of an old rug, 1 billy can, 1 jam tin, knife in leather sheath with belt, 1 old canvas bag containing repairing material, 1 pocket knife and 1 small pair scissors in leather case.
May 7, 1922. Robert was examined by Dr. Egbert Florance who reported: Patient calling out loudly all sorts of disgusting and blasphemous words - so loud that he could be heard on the street. He would work himself up to a great pitch of excitement and then collapse. His general appearance is that of an insane person. Dr. Hugh Anderson, the second examining doctor wrote: He lies on his back and talks constantly; his language is interlaced with filthy expressions; his tone is monotonous and there is no meaning to his talk. On speaking to him, he speaks rationally but without pause and constantly repeats himself and is all the time looking round for somebody or something. Thomas Dixon, the jailer, says he talks constantly, beginning low mumbling and gradually increasing till he can be heard 25 to 30 yards away. There seems to be no meaning in his talk which is incessant at intervals. Drs. Florance and Anderson sign the paper sending Robert back to Kenmore Hospital.
May 8, 1922. Upon Robert's departure for Kenmore, the jailer, Thomas Dixon completes a form with the following additional comments:

Drs. Florance and Anderson certify Robert as insane.
Always ready for his meals.
Has a couple of out-breaks by day.
By night: fairly quiet.
The patients statement: That is September 1920 at Liverpool P.C. he received a sentence of 3 months under the Vagrancy Act and was sent to the Penitentiary, that he was discharged from there to Gladesville Asylum and was discharged from that Institution in April 1921. In February 1922 he was before the Singleton Court "Deemed to be insane" and was remanded to the Reception House, Newcastle, and was discharged in March 1922.

May 9, 1922, 1.30pm. Robert admitted to Kenmore Mental Hospital. The admission form mentions an old scar on his left ankle, his left eye missing, vaccination marks on both arms. It describes him as fair, 152lbs, and 6ft 1in in height. The report on his physical condition reports: A tall spare man going bald with dark brown hair, mustache and beard going grey. Blue eye. The left eye is lost (a result of an accident). Teeth in front good but deficient in molars. The examination of his mental condition provides the following personal history: Father healthy, ?? teacher. Mother d. 42 (Margaret Dick). Brothers ?. Sisters 5? Knows nothing of family history for last 11 1/2 years when he came to Australia. All healthy as far as he knew. School with father till about 17. Then taught till 31. Left off teaching about 15 years ago. Wanted to work outdoors to preserve health. Was in Transvaal at the time. Never took a drink too much. Says he couldn't get on with the children. Took advice of family before giving up teaching. Has been worried about not being able to get work out here. Lost his eye when 19 by accident. Explosion of glass bottle with powder in it. Was arrested 12 months ago at Liverpool for vagrancy. Was on the track(?) looking for work. Taken to Gladesville where he remained 5/12. Discharged. Went looking for work again. Was at Newcastle 19th Feb. and arrested for talking loud on road. In Reception House for a week. Hence to country and finally arrested at Cootamundra and brought to Kenmore. On his mental condition the report comments: Says he came on the 7th of May. Knows present day and date. Knows where he is and what the place is for but does not think he is mentally affected. Was arrested near Cootamundra. May have been shouting as he walked along. Admits that he uses bad language. Says he is a navvy and picked up the bad language amongst the navvies. Would rather be a navvy than teach in school because he has less worry. He says he goes off like steam and talks to himself. Cant help himself. Does the same when he is in the bush about the ? old people and places that crop up in his memory. Has never heard "voices". Came out here because he thought there was free land out here. Would not take on anything but laboring work as there is no money in the country. He rather meanders along in his replies to questions but his answers are rational. Had some difficulty with School Inspector in SA (South Africa) about his 6 months leave so he took his good service gratuity and left the service. The diagnosis: Melancholia del.
May 9, 1922. Another admission form provides some additional information:

That Robert arrived in Australia in Sep. 1910 aboard the Norfolk.
That his father was James Earls and his mother Margaret Dick. The form says both are dead though the (dead) after his father's name may have been added later.
It gives the name and address of his brother: John Earls, 31 Ravenhill Park, Ravenhill Road, Belfast, Ireland. This must have been added later.

May 21, 1922, to Jun.24, 1926: Robert's progress report:

May 21, 1922: Has been lying quietly in bed. This morning began to throw his arms about and call out.
May 31, 1922: Is rather excited and talkative.
Jun.7, 1922: Was upsetting other patients and was sent to 3M.
Jul.10, 1922: Has been noisy. Talking to himself. Indifferent to his surroundings.
Jul.12, 1922: Today began to do a little ward work.
Aug.31, 1922: As above.
Nov.31, 1922: Unchanged except that he has written to his relations.
Feb.28, 1923: Noisy and restless.
May 25, 1923: In 4M. Noisy at times. Flits about and does no work. Mentally no improvement.
July, 1923: Inocculated twice against Enderic Fever.
Aug.31 and Nov.30, 1923: No change.
Feb.29, 1924: Noisy and delusional. 4M.
May 31, 1924: Same.
Aug.31 and Nov.30, 1924: Very quiet. Gives no trouble.
Feb.29, 1925: 4M. Occasional outbursts of noisiness but is not aggressive.
May 31 and Aug.18, 1925: Same.
Jan.13, 1926: No improvement. Idle. Noisy at times.
Mar.6, 1926: (unreadable)
May, 1926: Sometimes aggressive and noisy. Otherwise not much change. Does no work.
Jun.24, 1926: Died a 3am this morning from acute double broncho-pneumonia with right sided pleurisy. Illness only lasted 36 hours.

Between Aug.31 and Nov.6, 1922. Robert writes to his family in Ireland
Nov.16, 1922. John Earls writes to Robert and to Kenmore from his affluent Belfast home at 31 Ravenhill Park, Ravenhill Road, Belfast. The letter is addressed to the Medical fficer in Charge, Govt. Insane Asylum, Goulburn, N.S.W. and reads:
Dear Sir,
A letter has come to hand from my brother Robert Earls in which he states that he has been since May last a patient in your Institution.
Neither I nor any of his relativesor friendsin this country have had any previous communication whatever from him since he left here for Australia about 12 years ago.
Though glad to hear from him after such a long period of time we regret to learn that he is suffering from mental derangement. He says that he has been committed to the Govt. Insane Asylum "as suffering from fits of violent irritation without apparent cause". His letter, however, is somewhat confused and unnatural and I am therefore taking the liberty to ask if you would be good enough to let me know something of his personal condition, and the of his recovery. His father died a few months ago and I am his only brother in this country. I should be glad to know also how he came to be committed to the asylum and whether you know anything of his present circumstances.
He asked in his letter if we knew of any hereditary tendency to insanity in our family, and says that he has heard of his grandfather having been affected in some way during a religious revival. I have never heard of any insanity in either my father's or my mother's family. The incident he refers to must have been during the great religious revival of 1859 when hundreds of people all over the country were "stricken", as it was called, or fell prostrate in a swoon.
I don't know whether or not he had given you any detailed account of his own personal history but with the hope that it may be helpful to you in dealing with his case I shall mention some facts regarding him.
He is 47 years of age in December next, I being just a year older. In his boyhood there was nothing remarkable about him except that he was inclined to be reserved in his manner and also somewhat reckless.
In his youth he met with a rather serious accident which resulted in the complete loss of one of his eyes. The accident was largely due to his own recklessness in handling a "home-made" bomb which had been arranged to explode by means of a fuse and had failed to do so.
This accident, in my opinion, distinctly affected his disposition. Apart from the loss from the point of view of sight, I believe he felt keenly about having to wear an artifical eye, especially as the scars to the socket of the eye made it difficult to get an eye to fit. Indeed, he seemed to be very sensitive as regards this defect and I think it had the effect of souring his disposition and of making him less sociable.
When this happened he was preparing to become a teacher and he eventually qualified for the profession. After teaching for a short time at home he went to S. Africa somewhere about 20 years ago. After following his own profession there for some years he went to S. America about the commencement of the rubber boom. This venture however proved unsatisfactory and he had to come home. After being undecided whether to try Canada or Australia he eventually decided for Australia for which he sailed 12 years ago. From that time we never heard of him till now. He did not even write to say he had arrived.
Two incidents in his career affected him in a very marked degree - one was the loss of his eye and the other was his S. American experience, in which he lost all of a considerable sum which he had saved in S. Africa and arrived home again practically penniless. He was of an independent disposition and I think that, rather than be dependent on anyone, he determined to go to Australia and not communicate with any one unless he "made good".
He is a well educated man, widely read in the best English literature, and an excellent writer himself, especially of descriptive matter, I gather from his letter that he has lived a laborious outdoor life in Australia, in perhaps uncongenial surroundings. Being cut off entirely from all his friends, his life must have been inmany respects a lonely one which would probably develop his tendency to unsociability. If, in addition, he has, as seems probable, had to face the hardships and anxieties of a precarious livelihood, the strains imposed upon him partly by circumstances and partly by his own natural somewhat obstinate nature would seem to me to account for his mental breakdown at his present period of life. Whether my conclusions are right or wrong, the facts I have given may be helpful to you in dealing with his case. The information I have given is of course confidential and I think he would probably resent my writing to you about him if he knew about it. You should therefore not let him know I have done so.
I have written to him and made as light of his illness as possible and have my best to disabuse his mind of the idea that his condition is due to hereditary causes.
The following are soem facts regarding our family strain. Maternal grandfather lived to 82, grandmother to 93. Father just died at 85. 3 maternal uncles alive aged 84, 83 and over 70. Maternal aunt alive aged 85. All in full possesion of mental faculties. Father's sister alive at 83.
I shall be greatly obliged for any information you may be good enough to send me. And I shall be very pleased to give you any information you may desire.
I am, dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
John Earls
On Dec.13, 1922, the Medical Superindent responded to John Earls letter though the letter is strangely addressed to Mrs. John Earls:
Madam,
Robert Earls was admitted to the Reception House for Mental cases in Sydney on 19th Nov. 1920 and three days later was transferred to Gladesville Mental Hospital which is just out of Sydney, wa discharged from there on April 30th 1921. He was admitted here on 9th May 1922. At Gladesville he was at times sullen and resented being spoken to but improved. He came to Kenmore suffering from Melancholia with delusional ideas and had been found on the road talking aloud to himself. He was quite friendly at first but became quarrelsome with other patients. He said that he was a labourer though trained for teaching but preffered to do labouring work. He is doing a little work at present and is more friendly but there is no idea at present of discharging him. Your letter has thrown much light on his case and will be very helpful in further treatment.
Yours faithfully,
Medical Superintendent
Dec.28, 1923: Perhaps motivated by Christmas, John Earls writes again to the Medical Superintendent:
Dear Sir,
If my brother Robert Earls about whom I wrote to you about a year ago is still a patient in your institution I shall be glad if you will be good enough to send me a report regarding his condition.
I am sending him a letter by the same post as this and if he has left the hospital and you know his address perhaps you will have it forwarded to him; or if you do not know his address please have it returned to me. It contains a small sum of money.
I am, dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
John Earls
Feb.13, 1924: The Medical Superintendent responds to this second John Earls letter:
Sir,
Robert Earls. I am sorry to say he has not improved mentally and is labouring under delusional ideas and, at times, calls out as though talking to some imaginary person. He is well conducted if left to himself and in good bodily health. We shall hand him the letter when it comes. Money is usually kept in the office for patients and they can draw on it as they desire.
Yours faithfully,
Medical Superintendent
Jun.24, 1926. Robert Earls dies and is buried at Kenmore Hospital.
Jun.28, 1926: Letter from the Medical Superintendent, again addressed to Mrs. J. Earles:
Dear Madam,
I regret to inform you that your brother Mr. Robert Earls an inmate of this institution for the past four years passed away on Thursday June 24th 1926, after an extremely acute illness. On Tuesday 22nd. June he became suddenly ill with a double Broncho-Pneumonia and Pleurisy which proved fatal after 36 hours. His end was, however, both painfree and peaceful. He was interred in the Hospital Cemetery,
Yours faithfully,
Medical Superintendent

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Last updated 5/9/02.
Christopher E. Brennen